Leh: Is the High-Altitude town Winter-Friendly?

How to Plan the Physical Infrastructure for A Winter-Friendly City

By - Konchok Tashi

Town Planner

Cities and towns in cold regions of India face unique infrastructure challenges due to cold winters. In Leh town, Ladakh, specific systems for cold climatic conditions are limited, leading to the adoption of standard planning approaches more suitable for temperate regions, resulting in challenges during winters.

In this context, the study aims to assess whether Leh is a winter-friendly city and how to develop a winter-friendly infrastructure plan and guidelines for the water supply during the winter season for Leh Town.

Leh town

Leh town is situated in the coldest region of India, with average winter temperatures ranging from -12°C to -22°C. and faces severe challenges in winter, including infrastructure failures and limited social activities, reducing its livability. Despite its critical importance as the district's sole urban center, Leh lacks suitable infrastructure for cold climates. Existing urban planning methods, largely borrowed from warmer regions, exacerbate these issues. Research on cold city planning is Limited, hindering the development of climate-responsive solutions. To enhance livability and curb migration, Ladakh's cities urgently need tailored urban planning strategies.

So what is a Winter-friendly city?

A winter city is defined as one where the mean monthly temperature is below 0°C for at least one month per year. Characterized by frequent snowfall and frozen soil, winter months typically have short daylight and low-angle sunshine, posing challenges for solar access in densely populated areas. The American Institute of Architects and the Royal Architecture Institute of Canada classify winter cities as those with average January temperatures at or below 32°F (0°C).

To make a city winter-friendly -

Infrastructure must function effectively in cold climates. Streets and neighborhoods should offer microclimate protection, maximize sunlight exposure, and discourage cold winds. Compact, mixed-use development is favored, with climate-responsive design enhancing visual appeal.

To counter reduced social activity in winter, cities should cultivate a unique winter identity that caters to all demographics. Public spaces should project a positive winter image, fostering community engagement.

Sustaining the local economy in winter entails promoting outdoor activities, year-round public spaces, and winter festivals to attract visitors and support businesses.

What is the state of infrastructure in Leh town during winter?

In Leh town, the water supply system is completely shut down in a major part of the town.. Public transport struggles with uncomfortable buses and shelters. Walking and cycling are difficult due to wind chill. Inaccessible public toilets, partially functional sewerage systems, and drainage issues create sanitation problems. Open spaces and streets become dull and lifeless. Buildings and houses are energy-intensive and inefficient for cold winters.

we will be focusing on water supply systems here

Water supply

The hydrological Balance of Leh town

Leh receives an average of 117mm of precipitation annually as rain and snow, which replenishes glaciers and runoff streams. These sources feed groundwater and springs, forming the Leh Stream. Water from springs and the stream irrigates fields via ponds and canals. Groundwater is accessed through borewells and tube wells for various purposes. Additionally, water from the Indus River supplements the distribution network. Wastewater is managed through soak pits, septic tanks, and treatment plants. The treated residue is reused in agriculture, while the treated water is discharged into the Indus River.

Water supply system

There are 4 different water supply systems in Leh

System 1: Groundwater via Tubewells

System 2: Indus water Lift system

System 3: Surface water via Springs and Channels

System 4: Supplied by tankers

Major issues in winters

Water sources are impacted by reduced river flow, leading people to rely on alternative sources like private borewells, springs, and streams for water supply. Freezing hinders water storage in service reservoirs, causing irregular supply and inefficiencies. Main supply pipes, pumps, and outlets freeze, resulting in burst pipes, costly excavation in rocky areas, and water wastage. Supply interruptions occur in some areas, while high pressure leads to pipe bursts in others.

During winter, community taps are often above ground and freeze, requiring daily heating. Poor drainage causes water to overflow into streets, exacerbating issues.

Even if the main supply is designed and constructed as per the winter, the issue arises while connecting to users or connection from main pipes to homes, this may affect the functioning of the main line and needs the replacement of pipes in summer. Most buildings and houses have inefficient plumbing systems, due to the unavailability of suitable technologies and techniques, and the plumbing system doesn’t work with current techniques, and technologies, and needs to drain water in October before the onset of winter.

So, what needs to be done

For the water supply system as a whole, the vision for the next 10 years considering a projected water demand of 11.8 MLD, should be "To supply water 24 x 7 by making the water supply system winter-friendly & shifting the source from groundwater to surface water (indus)"

1. A new source of water supply to reduce dependency on groundwater

2. New water supply main line to provide 24*7 water supply

3. Retrofitting existing infrastructure to make it winter-friendly and supply 24*7 water

4. Smart water grid system and supervisory control and data acquisition system

5. Increasing cost recovery by reducing the non-revenue water using a tariff restructuring

6. Reserving and managing surface water for irrigation

7. Integrated policy on groundwater management, snow harvesting, artificial glaciers, and groundwater recharge

How do we plan for the winter?

To be a winter-friendly city the water supply system should be planned to

1. Minimise energy input requirements, simple to operate and understand Reducing the energy demand for pumping, supply, and protection from cold will reduce the operation and maintenance costs and will also make the system sustainable.

2. Freeze protection mechanism, designed to have minimal damage if frozen, easy to thaw Insulation techniques, planning the network in a suitable system and providing a thawing system will reduce the maintenance time and cost, enabling an uninterrupted supply of water in winters.

3. Be drainable in sufficient time to prevent freeze damage In certain areas where the above-mentioned techniques are not present or the existing water systems are not built as per the climatic condition, a drainable system will help prevent the freezing of pipes and damaging them.

4. Allow maximum use of short construction season The projects, materials, labor, and machinery should be planned to complete the project in the short summer construction months.

Ideal winter-friendly water supply system for Leh town

Water is sourced from the river through infiltration galleries on its banks with gravel filter packs. Pumping stations maintained above 5 degrees Celsius, utilize polyurethane insulation and south-facing Trombe walls for additional heating. Pump insulation prevents freezing, and draining points, at intervals, prevent ice formation by directing water to groundwater. Service reservoirs, insulated buried concrete tanks, feature a 1.5 m earth layer and an additional 100mm insulation. Heat trace cables and thermal sensors along frost lines, combined with flow analysis, ensure main pipe integrity. Community taps in passive solar rooms and residential connections to constantly heated rooms maintain outlet temperatures above 12 degrees Celsius.

Conclusion

Planning a winter-friendly infrastructure for Leh Town isn't just a technical challenge; it's a testament to human resilience and innovation. By embracing innovative technologies, strategic planning, and community engagement, Leh can fortify itself against the challenges posed by winter and ensure the well-being of its residents for generations to come.

Let's make Leh a Winter-friendly city

Analysis of the Wastewater Management in the Himalayas: An Urban Planner's Perspective

By - Stanzin Odsal - Urban Planner

Wastewater management in the Himalayas

Leh, nestled in the Trans-Himalayan region, presents a distinctive set of challenges due to its cold desert climate and extreme weather conditions. With temperatures ranging from -24°C in winter to 35°C in summer, water resources primarily rely on melted snow forming rivulets. The average annual precipitation is minimal, making water scarcity a significant concern. The undulating topography and extreme climate pose challenges to sanitation services.

Population and Demographics

Leh, as the joint capital and municipal committee of Ladakh, has a population of 34,798 (2021), with a density of 3,374 people per sqkm. The influx of tourists and migrant workers, especially in summers, significantly impacts the population dynamics. The net residential density is high at 13,500 persons per sqkm.

Census Year	Locals	Tourists	Migrants	Total Population	Growth Rate
1971	5,519	-	-	5,519	0.5
1981	8,718	389	-	9,107	0.7
1991	9,897	252	-	10,149	0.1
2001	28,639	547	-	29,186	1.9
2011	30,870	4,986	43,000	78,856	1.7
2021	34,798	9,241	50,000	94,433	0.2

Existing Sanitation Condition

Sanitation Systems Overview:

• Offsite Sanitation Services: The centralized sewerage system, currently under construction, poses challenges for efficient wastewater disposal.

• Onsite Sanitation System (OSS): Leh predominantly relies on lined pits with semi-permeable walls, posing a risk of groundwater pollution. Fully lined tanks, prevalent in hotels and guesthouses, ensure proper containment.
  

Emptying and Transportation:

• The Municipal Committee Leh operates desludging tankers for fecal sludge removal. Vacuum tankers transport emptied fecal sludge to the Fecal Sludge Treatment Plant (FSTP).

Vaccum tankers

Treatment/Disposal and Groundwater Risk:

• The 12 KLD capacity FSTP employs anaerobic processes for treating solids and liquids. However, winter temperatures halt operations, emphasizing the need for adaptable solutions and there are concerns about groundwater contamination.
  

FSTP

Implications and Future Endeavors

Shit flow diagram of Leh town

Only 31% of wastewater undergoes safe treatment/disposal, highlighting a critical need for improvement. The risks to groundwater, especially from lined pits with semi-permeable walls and open bottoms, underscore the importance of preventive measures. Future endeavors should focus on completing the sewerage system, addressing challenges in desludging services, and enhancing the FSTP's functionality throughout the year.

Conclusion

Leh's unique cultural practices, extreme climate, and increasing population pose challenges for sustainable sanitation. While efforts are underway to address these issues, a comprehensive approach considering local practices, infrastructure development, and environmental impact is crucial. The article sheds light on the complexities of sanitation in Leh and the ongoing initiatives to achieve a sustainable and culturally sensitive solution.

By understanding the current sanitation landscape, stakeholders can collaboratively work towards innovative solutions that respect Leh's heritage and ensure the well-being of its residents and the environment.

Crafting a Climate-Resilient Leh: Urban Planning Solutions for Ladakh's Changing Landscape

By - Konchok Tashi - Urban planner

A call for Sustainable Actions #Climatechange

This article aims to delve into the multifaceted challenges faced by Leh and outline detailed urban planning solutions for a resilient and sustainable future.

(Photo Credit - @stanz107)

In the heart of the Himalayas, where snow-capped peaks touch the heavens, lies Ladakh—a region known for its breathtaking landscapes and vibrant cultural tapestry. However, as climate change poses unprecedented challenges, the urban center of Leh finds itself at a crossroads. A careful blend of traditional wisdom and contemporary urban planning is the need of the hour to navigate through the complexities of evolving climate patterns.

Leh, once an oasis of agrarian simplicity, has transformed into a bustling tourist hub, attracting visitors from around the world. This shift in economic focus, coupled with the increasing influx of people, has strained Leh's natural resources and disrupted its delicate ecological balance. The town's intricate water supply system, once sustained by glaciers and natural springs, now faces threats from land-use changes and inadequate urban infrastructure. As Leh grapples with the dual challenge of rapid urbanization and climate change, the time is ripe for strategic urban planning interventions. - Crafting Climate-Resilient Leh : Urban Planning Solutions

Major Causes and Effects

Identifying the root causes of Leh's urban challenges is pivotal in formulating effective solutions. Traditional, carbon-intensive heating methods, a car-centric mobility system, and insufficient waste management contribute to a host of issues, including imbalanced urban biodiversity, air pollution, and vulnerability to flash floods. Understanding the interconnectedness of these factors is crucial for devising holistic urban planning strategies..

Opportunities and Potential

While challenges abound, Ladakh presents unique opportunities for sustainable development. Harnessing abundant renewable energy sources, promoting eco-friendly transportation, and optimizing waste management systems can transform Leh into a model of urban resilience. The goal is not only to adapt to the changing climate but to proactively shape Leh into a town that coexists harmoniously with its natural surroundings.

"Leh, where tradition meets transformation, has the potential to redefine urban living. Let's build not just structures but legacies for generations to come"

So, the way forward? Crafting a Climate-Resilient Leh : Urban Planning Solutions for Ladakh's Changing Landscape

The 6 areas we can't afford to ignore.

1. Traffic and Transportation

Strategy 1- Develop a comprehensive urban mobility plan focusing on sustainability.

• Conduct a thorough assessment of current traffic patterns and transportation infrastructure.

• Engage local urban planners, transportation experts, and local stakeholders to devise a comprehensive urban mobility plan tailored to Leh's unique needs.

• Prioritize sustainable modes of transportation such as public transit, cycling, and walking.

Strategy 2- Redesign Streets for Walkability and Cyclability

• Identify key streets and intersections for redesign to prioritize pedestrians and cyclists.

• Implement complete streets policies, ensuring that streets are safe, comfortable, and accessible for all users.

• Integrate better lighting, marked crosswalks, and street furniture to enhance safety.

• Solve the menacing stray dog issue, which make us think twice before going for a walk.

Strategy 3- Encourage Adoption of Electric Vehicles (EVs)

• Establish charging infrastructure at strategic locations within the town.

• Introduce financial incentives such as tax breaks and waivers for individuals and businesses adopting EVs.

• Implement awareness campaigns to educate residents on the benefits of EVs and the environmental impact of traditional vehicles.

2. Energy

Strategy 1: Low-Carbon Space Heating Technologies

• Promote and incentivize the adoption of low-carbon space heating technologies.

• Implement solar heating techniques like pebble bed solar heating or any active or passive technique , leveraging Ladakh's abundant sunlight.

• Research and develop the use of geothermal, electric or solar heat pump systems for space heating.

Strategy 2: Mandatory Room Insulation

• Integrate mandatory room insulation in building codes.

• Provide guidelines for retrofitting existing buildings with insulation materials.

• Offer subsidies and incentives for property owners adopting insulation measures.

Strategy 3: Renewable Energy Sources

• Incentivize the use of renewable energy sources, especially solar energy.

• Explore the installation of photovoltaic solar panels on rooftops for electricity generation.

• Develop policies that encourage the adoption of solar wall and Trombe wall design techniques for passive heating.

3. Solid Waste Management

Strategy 1: Embrace the 4Rs

• Implement a comprehensive waste management strategy based on the principles of Reuse, Reduce, Recycle, and Recovery.

• Mandate the segregation of waste at the source, including household hazardous waste.

• Conduct continuous awareness programs to educate residents about the importance of waste reduction.

Strategy 2: Incentivize Waste Reduction Efforts

• Provide incentives for hotels to manage on-site waste effectively.

• Offer tax or municipal fee incentives for establishments achieving zero-plastic or green standards.

• Establish a producer responsibility framework, emphasizing "My Waste is My Responsibility."

Strategy 3: 100% Collection and Management of All Waste Streams

• Develop guidelines for the collection, transportation, and processing of various waste streams, including medical, electronic, industrial, and construction waste.

• Build facilities with adequate capacity for recycling all waste streams.

• Focus on reducing harmful by-products through efficient waste processing

Strategy 4: Community-Led Cleanup Drives

• Organize regular community-led cleanup drives to raise awareness about cleanliness and waste reduction.

• Involve local communities, schools, and organizations in these initiatives to instill a sense of shared responsibility for waste management.

4. Surface and Groundwater

Strategy 1: Comprehensive Hydrogeochemical Study

• Conduct a detailed hydrogeochemical study of Leh's groundwater to understand its composition and quality.

• Utilize the study to identify potential threats to groundwater and inform sustainable water management practices.

Strategy 2: Water-Energy-Food (WEF) Nexus Approach

• Implement a holistic Water-Energy-Food Nexus approach to address water uncertainty and support sustainable urban development.

• Introduce pilot projects for innovative wastewater management, emphasizing water reclamation with integrated resource recovery.

Strategy 3: Expand and Improve Piped Water System

• Prepare detailed maps of unserved areas and project future growth of the town.

• Develop a roadmap for expanding the piped water system to reach unserved users.

• Appoint expert consultants to upgrade the water network for 24x7 water supply

Strategy 4: Revive the traditional Churpon System

• Reviving the local churpon system not only for managing the irrigation water system but for the whole surface water system thereby installing a sense of community ownership.

5. Urban Ecosystem

Strategy 1: Ecosystem-Based Adaptation in Urban Planning

• Prioritize ecosystem-based adaptation in urban planning to enhance Leh's resilience to climate change.

• Engage with local communities and traditional practices, such as the Churpon system, to monitor and protect water resources.

Strategy 2: Develop and Manage Green Spaces

• Invest in the development of green public spaces, including parks, playgrounds, and water bodies.

• Ensure proper maintenance and optimal use of green spaces, both publicly and privately owned.

• Integrate green spaces into urban planning to enhance biodiversity and create recreational areas.

Strategy 3: Maximize Biodiversity and Its Benefits

• Conduct studies to identify and maximize biodiversity of local species.

• Enforce construction bye-laws and zoning regulations to protect natural habitats.

• Collaborate with local experts to focus on plant and animal species that contribute to a healthy and resilient environment.

6. Disaster- resilient town

Strategy 1: Revise and Update Disaster Management Plan

• Conduct detailed risk assessments for different parts of Leh and surrounding areas.

• Establish a regular update cycle for risk assessments to reflect changing conditions.

• Engage with local communities to gather insights into specific vulnerabilities.

Strategy 2: Implement Advanced Detection and Early Warning Systems

• Invest in advanced detection systems for floods, earthquakes, and other natural disasters.

• Establish a network of public broadcast mechanisms, including loudspeakers, SMS messages, and online platforms, based on international best practices.

• Leverage GIS and remote sensing technologies to predict disaster impact in specific neighborhoods.

Strategy 3: Mitigate Disaster Effects Through Infrastructure and Preparedness

• Amend zoning rules and construction norms based on risk assessments to reduce the impact of disasters.

• Conduct regular training and practice drills.

Conclusion

The journey toward a sustainable and climate-resilient Leh requires a paradigm shift in urban planning. By redefining transportation, reimagining energy consumption, and embracing sustainable practices, Leh can not only weather the storms of climate change but also emerge as a shining example of a town living in harmony with its natural surroundings. The vision is ambitious—Leh standing resilient, sustainable, and serving as an inspiration for future urban planning endeavors across the globe. As we navigate the path ahead, it's not just Leh that stands to benefit, but the blueprint crafted here could very well pave the way for sustainable urbanization in regions facing similar challenges worldwide.